SS‑31 (elamipretide) is a mitochondria‑targeted tetrapeptide that selectively binds cardiolipin in the inner mitochondrial membrane, stabilizing electron transport chain complexes and reducing reactive oxygen species production while enhancing ATP synthesis. This peptide has demonstrated protective effects in preclinical models of heart failure, neurodegenerative disease, and age‑related muscle atrophy, and received FDA accelerated approval in 2025 as the first treatment for Barth syndrome. This educational protocol presents a once‑daily subcutaneous approach using concentrated reconstitution for practical insulin‑syringe measurements.
